Depression

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common and serious mental health condition that can significantly affect a person’s daily functioning and overall well-being. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), depression is marked by a persistent low mood or loss of interest in activities, along with physical and cognitive symptoms that last for at least two weeks.

Why early treatment matters

Timely recognition and appropriate, evidence-based treatment are key to improving outcomes and reducing the risk of relapse. Providers play a critical role in identifying symptoms early and offering effective care tailored to each patient’s needs.

Recommended approach to care

The APA supports a stepped-care model, which means treatment is adjusted based on the severity of symptoms and patient preferences. This may include:

• Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) are proven options.
• Medication: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed and effective for many patients.

Ongoing monitoring is essential, especially for treatment response, potential side effects, and suicide risk.

Treating children and adolescents

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends a similar multimodal approach for younger patients. Psychosocial interventions should be the foundation of care, with medication added when appropriate.

Personalized treatment planning

Effective care requires a personalized approach. Providers should consider factors such as the patient’s age, developmental stage, coexisting conditions, and personal values when developing treatment plans.