Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by challenges in social communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention3, approximately 1 in 36 children in the United States is diagnosed with ASD, with diagnoses nearly four times more common in boys than in girls. Early identification and intervention are critical to improving long-term developmental, educational, and behavioral outcomes.
ASD is often detected during early childhood, but disparities in screening and access to services remain, especially among racial and ethnic minority groups, rural populations, and children from low-income households1. Providers should assess early signs such as limited eye contact, delayed speech or nonverbal communication, repetitive play behaviors, and difficulty with social reciprocity. Behavioral health and primary care clinicians play a central role in developmental surveillance, family education, and referral to diagnostic and support services.
The AAP recommends universal screening for ASD at 18 and 24 months, in addition to ongoing developmental surveillance1. Treatment is highly individualized and may involve behavioral therapies, educational support, speech and occupational therapy, and family-centered care coordination. Although no medication treats core symptoms of ASD, providers may help manage co-occurring conditions such as ADHD, anxiety, or sleep disturbances2,3. Culturally responsive, team-based care, particularly when initiated early, can enhance developmental outcomes and reduce caregiver stress.
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American Academy of Pediatrics. (2020). Identification, evaluation, and management of children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 145(1), e20193447.
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American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.; DSM-5-TR).
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Data & statistics on autism spectrum disorder.
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World Health Organization. (2023). Autism.
- Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder | Pediatrics | American Academy of Pediatrics
- Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Signs and Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder | Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | CDC
- Autism Spectrum Disorder - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
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